A new bioactive glass–ceramic as a coating material on titanium alloy

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Abstract
Apatite–wollastonite‐containing glass–ceramic (A ‐ W · GC) has a strong ability to bond to bone and relatively high mechanical strength. Therefore, as a bulk material it has recently been applied clinically even in load‐bearing sites. In this study, we modified A–W · GC by altering its composition ratio with the removal of CaF2 and the addition of B2O3, and examined the potential use of the resulting new glass–ceramic as a material for coating on a titanium (Ti) alloy. The bioactivity of this new coating (NC) material and its bonding ability to bone were investigated mechanically and histologically. After implantation of the Ti alloy plate coated with this material into the tibiae of rabbits for 2, 3, 4, 8, and 25 weeks, a detaching test was performed. The detaching failure load of the NC plates was compared with those of A–W · GC plates, hydroxyapatite (HA) plates, and uncoated Ti alloy plates implanted in the same way. The failure load of NC was as high as that of A–W · GC for all periods, whereas it was significantly higher at 3 and 4 weeks than that of HA. Uncoated Ti alloy showed lower failure loads for all periods, differing significantly from the other materials. There was no breakage or detachment of the coating layer observed after the detaching test. Histological examinations by CMR, Giemsa surface staining, and SEM‐EPMA showed that NC bonded directly to bone without any intervening soft tissue layer. A calcium–phosphorus‐rich layer (apatite layer) was observed within the coating layer, as is the case in A–W · GC. These results indicate that this new glass–ceramic has earlier bone‐bonding ability and high mechanical strength, making it a promising coating material. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.