Analysis of mutations at the fragile X locus using the DNA probe Ox1.9

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Abstract
In this study, 40 families segregating for fragile X [fra (X)] syndrome were examined for the presence of a mutation within the FMR‐1 gene. Using the DNA probe Ox1.9, both carriers and affected individuals were found to contain an insertion/amplification‐type of mutation with somatic instability. Variability in the size of the mutation, which ranged from less than 0.2 kb to approximately 13 kb, was observed both between individuals (even from the same family) and within individuals, who showed a smear rather than a discrete band(s) on Southern blot analysis. Transmission of the mutation by males resulted in little change of its size, while transmission by females usually resulted in an increase in size. Correlations were observed between the size of inserted/amplified DNA and the level of chromosome fragility and the presence or absence of mental impairment. Overall, a mutation was detected in 66 of 67 (99%) clinically affected males, in 12 of 13 (92%) transmitting males and in 95 of 112 (85%) carrier females. Equivocal results were obtained in 12 (11%) of the carrier females. No mutation was detected in 58 females and 33 males predicted to be normal by linkage, or in one female and 36 normal control males. These results strongly suggest that the mutation detected by Ox1.9 is closely associated with the cytogenetic and clinical expression of fra(X) syndrome. Additionally, the use of this probe along with other probe/enzyme combinations should provide a sensitive clinical assay for the detection of carriers of fra(X) syndrome.