Evaporation of water from pesticide formulations and adjuvant solutions: Modeling and analysis of temperature dependence

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Abstract
The influence of ambient air temperature on the evaporation of water from some pesticide formulations and adjuvant solutions vas measured using a gravimetric method. The degree of hydration was estimated as the difference between the empirically observed and theoretically calculated percentages of non‐volatile components in each mixture. Mathematical models were developed to describe the time and temperature dependence of evaporation. The exponential decay model of evaporation at constant temperature failed because residual material affected the rate parameter. To overcome this difficulty, an accelerated exponential model was derived. Theoretical and empirical reasoning was then used to include temperature dependence of both the percentage of non‐volatile components and the evaporation rate in the model. Similar simplifications of this general temperature dependent accelerated exponential model applied to liquids exhibiting similar degrees of hydration. Implications of the results for measuring volatility are also discussed.