Methods for the measurement of polarization optical properties: I. Birefringence

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Abstract
SUMMARY: A simple birefringence detection system has been developed that can be used with any standard polarizing microscope. A Foster prism is utilized in separating the orthogonal components of the resultant linearly polarized light coming from a properly oriented λ/4 plate. The light intensities of the orthogonal components are measured simultaneously and a mathematical manipulation yields a direct read‐out of phase retardation (nm). The theory and practical use of this technique is discussed, as well as the present and future applications.