Transgenic rice hybrids that carry the Rf‐1 gene at multiple loci show improved fertility at low temperature

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Abstract
By using a genomic fragment that carries the rice (Oryza sativa L.) fertility restorer gene, Rf‐1, rice restorer lines harbouring multiple Rf‐1 genes on different chromosomes were developed by genetic engineering and crossing. Hybrid lines that were obtained by crossing the restorer lines having two and three Rf‐1 genes with a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line had nearly 75 and 87.5% pollen fertility rates under a normal condition, respectively, whereas a conventional hybrid line showed a 50% pollen fertility rate. Furthermore, the seed set percentage under low temperature conditions was much higher in the hybrid lines with multiple Rf‐1 genes than the conventional hybrid line. These results indicate that multiplication of the Rf‐1 gene conferred cold tolerance at the booting stage to hybrid rice through increasing the potentially fertile pollen grains. This strategy to improve fertility at low temperature of hybrids could be applied to any grain crops that are developed based on CMS and its gametophytic restorer gene, let alone rice.