The 2 × 1 reconstruction of the Ge(001) surface

Abstract
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) analyses of several structure models for the Ge(001) 2 × 1 surface confirm that the reconstruction involves at least 3 layers, and demonstrate that models with buckled asymmetric dimers are favoured over models with symmetric dimers. Three models with different amounts of buckling are given, which show equivalent moderate agreement with experiment.