Comparative risks and costs of male and female sterilization.

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Abstract
Couples who are considering elective sterilization should compare the risks and costs of male and female sterilization procedures as part of the decision process. Morbidity, mortality, failure rates and short-term costs associated with male and female sterilization procedures were estimated from data available in previous-case series. Male sterilization procedures were found to have no attributable deaths and significantly less major complications when compared to female sterilization procedures. No less than 14 deaths/yr can be attributed to female sterilization procedures in the USA. Male and female sterilization procedures have efficacy rates that are not significantly different from each other. The short-term costs of female sterilization are 3.0-4.1 times that of vasectomy.