Interleukin-6 release from human skeletal muscle during exercise: relation to AMPK activity

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Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that IL-6 release from muscle during exercise may be related to muscle activity of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Eight healthy, well-trained young men completed two 60-min trials on a bicycle ergometer at 70% of their peak oxygen uptake in either a glycogen-depleted or a glycogen-loaded state. IL-6 was released from the leg already after 10 min of exercise in the glycogen-depleted state, whereas no significant release was observed at any time in the loaded state. Nevertheless, plasma IL-6 increased similarly in the two trials from ∼0.8 pg/ml at rest to ∼4.5 pg/ml after 60 min of exercise. Activity of α1-AMPK (160%) and α2-AMPK (145%) was increased at rest in the glycogen-depleted compared with the loaded situation. During exercise, α1-AMPK activity did not change from resting levels in both trials, whereas α2-AMPK activity increased only in the glycogen-depleted state. After 60 min of exercise in the glycogen-depleted state, individual values of α2-AMPK activity correlated significantly ( r = 0.87, P < 0.006) with individual values of IL-6 release as well as with average IL-6 release over the entire 60 min ( r = 0.86, P < 0.006). The present data are compatible with a role for AMPK in IL-6 release during exercise or a role for IL-6 in activating AMPK. Alternatively, both AMPK and IL-6 are independent sensors of a low muscle glycogen concentration during exercise. In addition, leg release of IL-6 cannot alone explain the increase in plasma IL-6 during exercise.