Digit development and embryonic weight in mice: Analysis of sex‐related time difference and mating period‐related interlitter variability

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Abstract
The embryonic growth and digit formation in limb buds were more advanced in male embryos than in female embryos at a specific time (day 12.0) of midgestation. Furthermore, when the number of digits was compared between the sexes according to their body weight, male embryos were found to be more advanced than females in the differentiation of the digit in limb buds. This is the first demonstration of the presence of a time difference in digit development between the sexes of mouse embryos. In the short‐period, morning‐mating group, embryonic weights at day 12.0 were lower than those in the overnight‐mating group. However, the digit' development was not very much delayed in proportion to the difference in body weights, and some “catch‐up” phenomena were observed in this group. Interlitter and intralitter variability in body weights of mouse embryos at day 12.0 was greater in the overnight‐mating group than in the short‐period‐mating group. These findings suggest that, in embryonic stage‐related teratological experiments in mice, a short‐period‐mating schedule is advised and that the incidence of developmental anomalies should be analyzed separately for male and female fetuses.