An ospA-polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism-based method for sensitive detection and reliable differentiation of all European Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species and OspA types

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Abstract
We describe a sensitive and reliable method for detection and differentiation of the five relevant European Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. valaisiana, and B. lusitaniae), based on a heminested ospA-PCR followed by restriction enzyme analysis. Sensitivity was one borrelia per PCR except for B. afzelii, where it was five per PCR. None of seven relapsing fever borreliae, eight Leptospira serovars or two Treponema species were amplified. Except B. garinii, each of the five B. burgdorferi s.l. species is represented by one or two characteristic restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns. Analysis of the heterogeneous group of B. garinii resulted in five different RFLP patterns, corresponding to the OspA types 3–7 associated with this species. In a pilot study on 529 Ixodes ricinus ticks from three different regions in Southern Germany, all species and OspA types were found except B. lusitaniae and B. garinii OspA type 7, arguing for a broad distribution of almost all OspA types. A further notable finding was the focal prevalence of OspA type 4, which has rarely been detected in ticks previously. Thus, the developed method provides a fast and simple tool for epidemiological studies on the heterogeneity of species and OspA types in Europe which has important implications for the development of vaccines and (microbiological) test systems for Europe.

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