The KATP channel opener diazoxide protects cardiac myocytes during metabolic inhibition without causing mitochondrial depolarization or flavoprotein oxidation

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Abstract
The KATP channel opener diazoxide has been proposed to protect cardiac muscle against ischaemia by opening mitochondrial KATP channels to depolarize the mitochondrial membrane potential, ΔΨm. We have used the fluorescent dye TMRE to measure ΔΨm in adult rat freshly isolated cardiac myocytes exposed to diazoxide and metabolic inhibition. Diazoxide, at concentrations that are highly cardioprotective (100 or 200 μM), caused no detectable increase in TMRE fluorescence (n=27 cells). However, subsequent application of the protonophore FCCP, which should collapse ΔΨm, led to large increases in TMRE fluorescence (>300%). Metabolic inhibition (MI: 2 mM NaCN+1 mM iodoacetic acid (IAA) led to an immediate partial depolarization of ΔΨm, followed after a few minutes delay by complete depolarization which was correlated with rigor contracture. Removal of metabolic inhibition led to abrupt mitochondrial repolarization followed in many cells by hypercontracture, indicated by cell rounding and loss of striated appearance. Prior application of diazoxide (100 μM) reduced the number of cells that hypercontracted after metabolic inhibition from 63.7±4.7% to 24.2±1.8% (PPvs diazoxide alone). Diazoxide caused no detectable change in flavoprotein autofluorescence (n=26 cells). Our results suggest that mitochondrial depolarization and flavoprotein oxidation are not inevitable consequences of diazoxide application in intact cardiac myocytes, and that they are also not essential components of the mechanism by which it causes protection. British Journal of Pharmacology (2001) 134, 535–542; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704289