Mitochondrial Cholesterol Availability during Gonadotropin-Induced Leydig Cell Desensitization

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Abstract
To define the early lesion (before pregneolone formation) of the androgen biosynthetic pathway induced by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or LH [luteinizing hormone] in the Leydig cell [rat] the use of aminoglutehimide was optimized to obtain maximal and sustained inhibition of steroidogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Aminoglutethimide inhibited Leydig cell steroidogenesis in vitro at a dose of 100 .mu.g/ml. The minimal serum concentration of aminoglutethimide necessary for maximal inhibition of testosterone in vivo also 100 .mu.g/ml (1 h after the i.p. injection of 20 mg aminoglutethimide). Testosterone levels were normal 12 h later, coincident with a marked fall in the serum aminoglutethimide levels. The t1/2 [half life] of the circulating aminoglutethimide was 5 .+-. 0.7 h on the 1st day of treatment but was reduced to 3.0 .+-. 0.4 and 2.25 .+-. 0.35 h at 2 and 3 days of treatment. At a dose elicitating maximal and sustained steroid inhibition (60 mg/day) aminoglutethimide was able to prevent the estradiol-dependent late steroidogenic lesion (after pregnenolone formation) induced by 1 .mu.g hCG, with no effect on the early lesion (before pregnenolone formation) caused by 10 .mu.g hCG. The aminoglutethimide-induced in vivo accumulation of cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane (by 50%) was associated with an increase in the production of testosterone and pregnenolone by the Leydig cell when subsequently incubated in vitro. Similar increases in the steroidogenic capacity were observed after initial exposure of Leydig cells to aminoglutethimide in vitro, even after acid wash to remove the surfacebound endogenous LH. The steroidogenic cholesterol was also increased in desensitized Leydig cells (by 50-70%); the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone was substantially blocked in animals with the early lesion. The requirement of increasing high levels of aminoglutethimide to inhibit cholesterol metabolism was defined; and a dose schedule suitable for studies on cholesterol availability and inhibition of steroidogenesis in the rat was provided. Apparently, the early lesion observed in desensitized Leydig cells is due to inhibition of the side-chain cleavage activity rather than to a decrease in the amount of metabolically available cholesterol.