How Does Deep Water Rice Solve Its Aeration Problem

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Abstract
In partially flooded deep water rice (O. sativa L. cv Habiganj Aman II), continuous air layers trapped between the hydrophobic, corrugated surface of the leaf blades and the surrounding water constitute the major path of aeration. The conduction of gases through the internal air spaces of the leaf is negligible compared to the conduction of gases through the external air layers. The total volume of the air layers on both sides of a leaf blade is about 45% of the volume of the leaf blade itself. The size of the air layers around submerged leaf blades of cereals not adapted to conditions of partial flooding, oats, barley, and wheat is considerably smaller than that of rice. Gases move through the air layers not only by diffusion but also by mass flow. In darkness, air is drawn down from the atmosphere through the air layers along a pressure gradient created by solubilization of respiratory CO2 in the surrounding water. In light, photosynthetic O2 is expelled through the air layers to the atmosphere because the solubility of O2 in water is much lower than that of CO2. Air layers greatly increase the rate of photosynthetic C fixation by enlarging the surface of the gas-liquid interface available for CO2 uptake from the water. Air layers are vital for the survival of the partially submerged rice plant. When leaves are washed with a dilute solution of a surfactant (Triton X-100), no air layers are formed under water. Plants without air layers do not grow in response to submergence, and the submerged parts of the plant deteriorate as evident by rapid loss of chlorophyll and protein. Air layers provide a significant survival advantage even to completely submerged rice plants.