Abstract
The nonideal behavior of the magnetic field is shown to depend only on the loop voltage, ∮E■dl, in open magnetic configurations. The tying of the plasma to the magnetic field is shown to be a weaker invariant than are the flux and helicity invariants that follow from the ideal form for the field evolution. The surfaces of constant loop voltages are shown to form a set of natural, or invariant, flux surfaces. These invariant flux surfaces are the equivalent in open geometries of the magnetic surfaces of toroidal geometry.

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