Vasoactive intestinal peptide acts via multiple signal pathways to regulate hippocampal NMDA receptors and synaptic transmission

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Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28‐amino acid peptide, which belongs to a superfamily of structurally related peptide hormones including pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP). Although several studies have identified the involvement of PACAP in learning and memory, little work has been done to investigate such a role for VIP. At least three receptors for VIP have been identified including the PACAP receptor (PAC1‐R) and the two VIP receptors (VPAC receptors). VIP can activate the PAC1‐R only if it is used at relatively high concentrations (e.g., 100 nM); however, at lower concentrations (e.g., 1 nM) it is selective for the VPAC receptors. Our lab has showed that PAC1‐R activation signals through PKC/CAKβ/Src pathway to regulate NMDA receptors; however, there is little known about the potential regulation of NMDA receptors by VPAC receptors. Our studies demonstrated that application of 1 nM VIP enhanced NMDA currents by stimulating the VPAC receptors as the effect was blocked by VPAC receptor antagonist [Ac‐Tyr1, D‐Phe2]GRF (1–29). This enhancement of NMDA currents was blocked by both Rp‐cAMPS and PKI14–22(they are highly specific PKA inhibitors), but not by the specific PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I. In addition, the VIP‐induced enhancement of NMDA currents was accentuated by inhibition of phosphodiesterase 4, which inhibits the degradation of cAMP. This regulation of NMDA receptors also required the scaffolding protein AKAP. In contrast, the potentiation induced by high concentration of VIP (e.g., 100 nM) was mediated by PAC1‐R as well as by Src kinase. Overall, these results show that VIP can regulate NMDA receptors through different receptors and signaling pathways.

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