Limitations of coronary angiography: An underestimated problem?

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Abstract
Angiographic imaging suffers from many limitations which may distort the diagnostic information obtained from coronary arteriograms. Radiographic features limiting precise coronary stenosis measurement are caused by the x‐ray source, the image intensifier, and the chemical properties of the cinefilm. Biologic variations are introduced by fluctuations in angiographic contrast concentration and flow‐ or contrast‐dependent coronary dilation. Random errors are also introduced by the selection of the radiographic projection and frame to be analyzed and the digitization of cineangiograms. These limitations and their significance in distorting quantitative information obtained from coronary angiograms are discussed in this review.