Effects of Heat Shock on Amino Acid Metabolism of Cowpea Cells

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Abstract
When cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cells maintained at 26.degree.C are transferred to 42.degree.C, rapid accumulation of .gamma.-aminobutyrate ( > 10-fold) is induced. Several other amino acids (including .beta.-alanine, alanine, and proline) are also accumulated, but less extensively than .gamma.-aminobutyrate. total free amino acid levels are increased approximately 1.5-fold after 24 hours at 42.degree.C. Heat shock also leads to release of amino acids into the medium, indicating heat shock damage to the integrity of the plasmalemma. Some of the changes in metabolic rates associated with heat shock were estimated by monitoring the 15N labeling kinetics of free intracellular, extracellular and protein-bound amino acids of cultures supplied with 15NH4+, and analyzing the labeling data by computer simulation. Preliminary computer simulation models of nitrogen flux suggest that heat shock induces an increase in the .gamma.-aminobutyrate synthesis rate from 12.5 nanomoles per hour per gram fresh weight in control cells maintained at 26.degree.C, to as high as 800 nanomoles per hour per gram fresh weight within the first 2 hours of heat shock. This 64-fold increase in the .gamma.-aminobutyrate synthesis rate greatly exceeds the expected (Q10) change of metabolic rate of 2.5- to 3-fold due to a 16.degree.C increase in temperature. We suggest that this metabolic response may in part involve an activation of glutamate decarboxylase in vivo, perhaps mediated by a transient cytoplasmic acidification. Proline appears to be synthesized from glutamate and not from ornithine in cowpea cells. Proline became severalfold more heavily labeled then ornithine, citrulline and arginine in both control and heat-shocked cultures. Proline synthesis rate was increased 2.7-fold by heat shock. Alanine, .beta.-alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine synthesis rates were increased 1.6-, 3.5-, 2.0-, 5.0-, and 6.0-fold, respectively, by heat shock. In contrast, the phenylalanine synthesis rate was decreased by 50% in response to heat shock. The differential effects of heat stress on metabolic rates lead to flux and pool size redistributions throughout the entire network of amino acid metabolism.
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