Left-ventricular cavity dimensions in children with normal and dilated hearts

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Abstract
Studies were carried out to find how left-ventricular length and length/diameter ratio relate to body size and degree of dilation. By use of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, diastolic cavity long axis (Led), diastolic cavity diameter (Ded), systolic cavity long axis (Les), systolic cavity diameter (Des), fractional L shortening (SFL), and fractional D shortening (SFD) were measured in children, adolescents, and young adults between two and 23 years of age, with body-surface area (BSA) between 0.5 and 2.1 m2 and with a variety of volume loads and SFD values. In normal subjects, Led/Ded was about 1.9. Regardless of age and pathology (in this age range), Led correlated consistently with BSA (Led=3.9+3.2 BSA), indicating that the long axis changes rather little with pathological dilation. A plot of Led/Ded vs BSA/D2 ed (in m2/cm2) formed a straight-line relation: Led/Ded=0.77+16.4 BSA/D2 ed. Similar relations were found for end-systolic dimensions. End-systolic L/D ratio exceeded end-diastolic L/D ratio to a degree that depended on both end-diastolic L/D ratio and SFD: Les/Des=Led/Ded+(0.22+2.67 Led/Ded)(SFD)2. Relations like these may be useful in the interpretation of echocardiographic images. The results suggest that left-ventricular L/D ratio may be influenced by myocardial anisotropy (dominance of hoop over meridional fiber orientation tending to promote prolate shape especially during systole) and external factors that antagonize extension of the long axis.