Film Flow and Bulk Formation of Helium II in Capillaries

Abstract
The formation and maintenance of bulk liquid in capillaries caused by the mobile film flowing from a liquid helium II bath below the capillaries has been observed. Experiments with parallel plates, cylindrical capillaries, and annular capillaries indicate that bulk will form initially only when the width of the capillary space is below some critical value, depending on the geometry. However, bulk liquid once present in a capillary will be maintained by the film even if the width is greater than the critical value for initial formation. Measurements of film flow rates and equilibrium capillary rise in these capillaries give values in agreement with measurements of these quantities, under other experimental conditions, made by various other observers. The effects observed are discussed in terms of the known properties of liquid helium II.

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