High mobility group A2 protein and its derivatives bind a specific region of the promoter of DNA repair gene ERCC1 and modulate its activity

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Abstract
High mobility group A2 (HMGA2) chromosomal non‐histone protein and its derivatives play an important role in development and progression of benign and malignant tumors, obesity and arteriosclerosis, although the underlying mechanisms of these conditions are poorly understood. Therefore, we tried to identify target genes for this transcriptional regulator and to provide insights in the mechanism of interaction to its target. Multiple genes have been identified by microarray experiments as being transcriptionally regulated by HMGA2. Among these we chose the ERCC1 gene, encoding a DNA repair protein, for this study. DNA‐binding studies were performed using HMGA2 and C‐terminally truncated ΔHMGA2, a derivative that is frequently observed in a variety of tumors. A unique high affinity HMGA2 binding site was mapped to a specific AT‐rich region located –323 to –298 upstream of the ERCC1 transcription start site, distinguishing it from other potential AT‐rich binding sites. The observed 1:1 stoichiometry for the binding of wild‐type HMGA2 to this region was altered to 1:2 upon binding of truncated ΔHMGA2, causing DNA bending. Furthermore, the regulatory effect of HMGA2 was confirmed by luciferase promoter assays showing that ERCC1 promoter activity is down‐regulated by all investigated HMGA2 forms, with the most striking effect exerted by ΔHMGA2. Our results provide the first insights into how HMGA2 and its aberrant forms bind and regulate the ERCC1 promoter.

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