Neuropeptides in platyhelminths

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Abstract
The neuropeptide story began in 1928 with the description by Ernst Scharrer of gland-like nerve cells in the hypothalamus of the minnow,Phoxinus laevis.Because these nerve cells were overwhelmingly specialized for secretory activity, overshadowing other neuronal properties, Scharrer termed them ‘neurosecretory neurons’. What was even more remarkable about the cells was that their products were released into the bloodstream to act as hormones, specifically neurohormones. Neurosecretory cells were identified largely on morphological grounds. That is, they could be stained with special techniques, such as chrome-haematoxylin and paraldehyde-fuchsin, although the techniques are far from specific, staining non-neurosecretory cells as well. However, the basis for the ‘special’ neurosecretory techniques is the demonstration of sulphur-containing proteins – so they are indicative of peptide-producing neurones. An alternative characteristic of neurosecretory cells is the presence of large (> 100 nm), dense-cored vesicles at the electron microscope level; these are the so-called elementary granules of neurosecretion, or ENGs. However, implicit in the concept of neurosecretion is that the prime function of the neurosecretory cell is in endocrine regulation, exerting a hormone-like control over some aspect of the organism's metabolism, by controlling endocrine glands and other effector organs. To satisfy this criterion, evidence had to be obtained of cycles of secretory activity within the cell that could be correlated with a change in the physiological condition of the organism.