Balicalin, the Predominant Flavone Glucuronide of Scutellariae Radix, is Absorbed from the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract as the Aglycone and Restored to its Original Form

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Abstract
When baicalin was orally administered to conventional rats, it was detected in their plasma for 24 h after administration, but baicalein, the aglycone of baicalin, was not detected. However, when baicalin was given to germ‐free rats, only a small amount of baicalin was detected in their plasma within 2 h after the administration, its AUC0‐lim (the area under the concentration‐time curve from 0 to last determination time) being 12.0% of that in conventional rats. Subsequently, a considerable amount (55.1 ± 6.2%) of baicalin was recovered from the gastrointestinal tract even 4 h after administration. When baicalein was orally administered to conventional rats, however, baicalin appeared rapidly in their plasma at an AUC0‐lim value similar to that obtained after oral administration of baicalin, despite the absence of baicalein in plasma. When intestinal absorption was evaluated by the rat jejunal loop method, baicalein was absorbed readily, but only traces of baicalin were absorbed. Moreover, in conventional rats a small amount (13.4 ± 3.1%) of baicalin and an appreciable amount (21.9 ± 3.4%) of baicalein were recovered from the gastrointestinal tract even 4 h after oral administration of baicalin, but only a small amount (3.93 ± 1.43%) of baicalein was detected in the intestinal tract 1 h after administration of baicalein. Baicalin was transformed to baicalein readily by the rat gastric and caecal contents. When baicalin was administered orally to conventional rats, an appreciable amount of baicalein was recovered in their gastrointestinal tracts. Moreover, baicalein was efficiently conjugated to baicalin in rat intestinal and hepatic microsomes. These results indicate that baicalin itself is poorly absorbed from the rat gut, but is hydrolysed to baicalein by intestinal bacteria and then restored to its original form from the absorbed baicalein in the body.