Influence of formulation on spray deposit patterns, dislodgeable and penetrated residues, and persistence characteristics of fenitrothion in conifer needles

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Abstract
The influence of formulation on spray droplet spectra, deposit patterns, dislodgeable and penetrated residues, and persistence characteristics of fenitrothion in balsam fir needles was studied using three formulations containing different types of adjuvant. Spray was applied on to potted trees under controlled conditions in a laboratory chamber. Droplet size spectra and deposits were assessed using “Kromekote” cardlglass plate units. Foliar residues were measured by gas‐liquid chromatography.The formulation containing polymeric adjuvants provided significantly larger droplets and higher foliar residues than those containing surfactants and co‐surfactants. It also provided a higher ratio of dislodgeable‐to‐penetrated residues, and a slower initial rate of loss of fenitrothion. None of the formulations posed a long‐term persistence problem because only very low amounts remained on foliage at 42 days post‐treatment. The significance of these findings in terms of the possible increase in bioavailability of the pesticide via crawling contact is discussed.

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