Ultrahigh vacuum picosecond laser-driven electron diffraction system

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Abstract
A laser-driven picosecond time-resolved electron diffraction system operating in ultrahigh vacuum is described. A picosecond laser pulse is split into two beams. The first interacts with the sample under study. The second activates the cathode of an electron gun creating a collimated and focused electron pulse that is well synchronized with the heating laser pulse. By spatially delaying the part of the laser pulse that photoactivates the cathode from that which irradiates the sample, the electron pulse can be set to arrive at the sample at a specific time after sample irradiation. When a flat smooth sample is aligned such that the electrons are in grazing incidence on its surface, a reflection high-energy electron diffraction pattern of its first few atomic layers is generated. Analysis of the diffraction pattern provides information on the surface structure and temperature at a set time lapse between the arrival of the laser and the electron pulse to the sample. Design, characterization, and operation of this system along with an example of its application to monitor the transient surface temperature using the surface Debye–Waller effect are discussed.