Multiphoton double ionization of barium with intense picosecond pulses

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Abstract
The authors have observed the production of Ba2+ from neutral Ba by intense picosecond laser pulses in the range 560-650 nm. Several new features have been observed, which were not observed with nanosecond pulses. Most of the strong resonances in Ba2+ production can be attributed to Ba+ transitions originating in the 6s1/2 or 5dj states, suggesting that the dominant process in double ionization in this intensity and wavelength regime is sequential removal of electrons. However, there are several resonances which cannot be attributed in this manner, evidence for possible alternative ionization mechanisms. Ba2+ production is strong throughout the region studied, at times comparable to that of Ba+. The authors have also looked for Ba2+ production in the range 280-325 nm, but no Ba2+ signal was observed in this part of the ultraviolet.

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