Characterization and functional analysis of three wheat genes with homology to the CONSTANS flowering time gene in transgenic rice

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Abstract
Summary: The CONSTANS (CO) gene of Arabidopsis plays a key role in the photoperiodic flowering pathway. To investigate photoperiod responses in cereals in more detail, we isolated three kinds of CO/Hd1 (rice ortholog of CO) homolog from hexaploid wheat, derived from the A, B, and D genomes and designated as wheat ortholog of CO from A genome (TaHd1‐1), TaHd1‐2, and TaHd1‐3, respectively. They were highly similar to each other and to Hd1, and in addition harbored two conserved regions: two zinc finger motifs and CONSTANS, CONSTANS‐LIKE and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (CCT) domain like CO/Hd1. They were located on the long arm of the homoeologous chromosome 6. TaHd1‐2 harbored a 63‐bp deletion at the promoter region containing the GATA‐1 box, and consequently, we detected no subsequent transcript. The TaHd1‐1 genomic clone was introduced to a rice line deficient in Hd1 function. Transgenic plants complemented the functions of rice Hd1: they promoted heading under short‐day (SD) conditions and delayed it under long‐day (LD)/natural conditions, indicating that Hd1 proteins from SD and LD plants share common structures and functions.