Fluidic self-assembly of InGaAs vertical cavitysurface emitting lasers onto silicon

Abstract
Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been successfully integrated by fluidic self-assembly (FSA) into 10 µm deep holes etched into an Si substrate. These 40 × 40 × 10 µm3 devices were fully planarised and metallised after integration. The VCSELs operated pulsed at 0.98 µm with a threshold current as low as 75 mA and a turn-on voltage of 2.9 V.