Antidotes for Acute Bismuth Intoxication

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Abstract
Nine chelating agents [D-penicillamine, Tiron, disodium calcium EDTA, p-aminosalicyclic acid, N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine, sodium 2,3-dimercapto-propane-1-sulfonic acid, 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, 1,2-dihydroxy-3,6-bis(iminodiacetate), sodium ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonate)] were tested as antidotes for acute Bis intoxication in mice. Of these, those with SH groups, adjacent aromatic hydroxy groups or appropriately positioned phosphonate groups proved to be effective antidotes. Of the compounds currently approved for therapeutic use, D-penicillamine was the most effective.