Testing for Non‐Gaussianity in theWilkinson Microwave Anisotropy ProbeData: Minkowski Functionals and the Length of the Skeleton

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Abstract
The three Minkowski functionals and the recently defined length of the skeleton are estimated for the co-added first-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data and compared with 5000 Monte Carlo simulations, based on Gaussian fluctuations with the a priori best-fit running-index power spectrum and WMAP-like beam and noise properties. Several power spectrum-dependent quantities, such as the number of stationary points, the total length of the skeleton, and a spectral parameter, γ, are also estimated. While the area and length Minkowski functionals and the length of the skeleton show no evidence for departures from the Gaussian hypothesis, the northern hemisphere genus has a χ2 that is large at the 95% level for all scales. For the particular smoothing scale of 340 FWHM it is larger than that found in 99.5% of the simulations. In addition, the WMAP genus for negative thresholds in the northern hemisphere has an amplitude that is larger than in the simulations with a significance of more than 3 σ. On the smallest angular scales considered, the number of extrema in the WMAP data is high at the 3 σ level. However, this can probably be attributed to the effect of point sources. Finally, the spectral parameter γ is high at the 99% level in the northern Galactic hemisphere, while perfectly acceptable in the southern hemisphere. The results provide strong evidence for the presence of both non-Gaussian behavior and an unexpected power asymmetry between the northern and southern hemispheres in the WMAP data.

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