The relationship between pipe material and biofilm formation in a laboratory model system

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Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare biofilm accumulation and heterotrophic bacterial diversity on three pipe materials‐cast iron, medium density polyethylene (MDPE), and unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) ‐ using a laboratory model system run over a short period (21 d) and a longer period (7 months). Newly Modified Robbins Devices (nMRD) were run in parallel, each containing 25 discs of one material with cold tap water flowing through the devices at 3 ml min−1 (Reynolds Number 9.05) for 21 d. The numbers of bacteria on each material increased exponentially between 0 and 11 d when the biofilm viable count remained constant. The mean doubling times of the heterotrophic population on the materials during the exponential phase was 13.2 h for cast iron and 15.6 h for MDPE and uPVC. The same experiment was repeated under different environmental conditions with a lower temperature, higher free chlorine and lower number of organisms ml−1 of incoming water. The exponential phase lengthened to 16 d but the steady state count remained the same. The mean viable count after 21 d and after 7 months was on average 97% higher on cast iron than on the other materials. Very few different colony types were isolated from each material with the largest number (nine) recovered from cast iron. The numbers of planktonic bacteria in the effluent water leaving each of the nMRDs directly correlated with the numbers in the biofilm phase on each of the materials. In addition the distribution and thickness of the biofilms on the MDPE and uPVC were observed using confocal scanning laser microscopy. In conclusion, MDPE and uPVC support the lowest numbers of bacteria in a steady state biofilm in the short term (21 d) and over a longer term (7 months). The diversity of heterotrophic bacteria was greatest on cast iron.