Lateral dual-energy radiography: Artifact error from rib and pelvic bone

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Abstract
A lateral projection of the lumbar spine with dual-energy radiography (DER) may be a more sensitive tool for the detection of vertebral demineralization than the standard anterior-posterior (AP) DER measurement. The lateral view allows measurement of the vertebral body and selective measurement of the central trabecular compartment, excluding the majority of the cortical envelope and posterior vertebral elements. The lateral DER typically contains L2-4 in the region of interest. The present study was designed to investigate the frequency and bone mineral content (BMC) contribution of rib to the L2 vertebral body BMC measurement in a lateral view DER scan. In addition, the frequency of pelvic overlap of L4 was evaluated. All patients were scanned in the supine position. Abdominal CT images of L2 were examined in 20 women aged 28–82 years to determine the frequency of rib and pelvic interference. QCT images of L2 also were examined in an additional 35 women aged 20–82 years to further investigate the frequency of rib overlap and to calculate the potential contribution of rib superimposition to the L2 BMC in a lateral projection. Pelvic overlap of L4 occurred in 15% of the 20 cases reviewed. Rib overlapped the L2 vertebral body in 100% of the L2 images. The expected contribution of rib BMC to L2 BMC in a lateral DER scan was 10.4% on average. There was no relationship between the percentage of rib BMC contribution and age and relatively poor correlations between rib BMC and that of either the vertebral body or the central trabecular compartment of L2. We conclude that supine positioning allows routine inclusion of L3 and L4 in a lateral lumbar scan. Results also suggest that L2 should be excluded from DER scans on patients scanned in either the lateral decubitus or supine position.