Reactivity of the Thiol Group in Human and Bovine Albumin at pH 3–9, as Measured by Exchange with 2,2′‐Dithiodipyridine

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Abstract
The kinetics for exchange between an aromatic disulphide and the thiol group in human and bovine albumin as well as in glutathione were investigated in the pH range 2.5–9.8. For both albumins the rate constants exhibit a maximum near pH 3, confirming the results of Svenson and Carlsson's investigation of bovine albumin [A. Svenson and J. Carlsson (1975) Biochim. Biophys Acta, 400, 433–438]. This was related to the well known N–F conformational change of the protein. At pH 5–8 the reactivity of the thiol group in both albumins and glutathione changes sharply, probably due to ionization of the thiol group. At pH above 8, however, the reactivity of the thiol group in albumins, but not in glutathione, becomes nearly independent of pH. In addition, a conformational change at pH 6.5–8.5 was studied by means of differential spectroscopy of bilirubin, liganded to human albumin. This neutral transition appeared to proceed identically in mercaptalbumin and nonmercaptalbumin. It is concluded that (a) the pK of the thiol group in albumin is significantly below that of SH in glutathione, and (b) ionization of this thiol group, Cys-34, is independent of the neutral transition.