Commutation relations and laser linewidth

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Abstract
The waves reflected from a resonator must obey the commutation relations of waves in free space. This fact alone, regardless of whether the medium in the resonator is linear or nonlinear, imposes commutation relations on the internal noise sources. The minimum linewidth of an oscillator can be derived from this fact alone. This paper analyzes the special cases of a nondegenerate parametric oscillator and diode laser oscillator and shows how the physical noise sources satisfy the commutation relations and how the linewidth is determined from them.