Unconditional Exact Tests for Equivalence or Noninferiority for Paired Binary Endpoints

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Abstract
Summary. Problems of establishing equivalence or noninferiority between two medical diagnostic procedures involve comparisons of the response rates between correlated proportions. When the sample size is small, the asymptotic tests may not be reliable. This article proposes an unconditional exact test procedure to assess equivalence or noninferiority. Two statistics, a sample‐based test statistic and a restricted maximum likelihood estimation (RMLE)‐based test statistic, to define the rejection region of the exact test are considered. We show the p‐value of the proposed unconditional exact tests can be attained at the boundary point of the null hypothesis. Assessment of equivalence is often based on a comparison of the confidence limits with the equivalence limits. We also derive the unconditional exact confidence intervals on the difference of the two proportion means for the two test statistics. A typical data set of comparing two diagnostic procedures is analyzed using the proposed unconditional exact and asymptotic methods. The p‐value from the unconditional exact tests is generally larger than the p‐value from the asymptotic tests. In other words, an exact confidence interval is generally wider than the confidence interval obtained from an asymptotic test.