Computational and site‐specific mutagenesis analyses of the asymmetric charge distribution on calmodulin

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Abstract
Calmodulin's calculated electrostatic potential surface is asymmetrically distributed about the molecule. Concentrations of uncompensated negative charge are localized near certain α‐helices and calcium‐binding loops. Further calculations suggest that these charge features of calmodulin can be selectively perturbed by changing clusters of phylogenetically conserved acidic amino acids in helices to lysines. When these cluster charge reversals are actually produced by using cassette‐based site‐specific mutagenesis of residues 82–84 or 118–120, the resulting proteins differ in their interaction with two distinct calmodulin‐dependent protein kinases, myosin light chain kinase and calmodulin‐ldependent protein kinase II. Each calmodulin mutant can be purified to apparent chemical homogeneity by an identical purification protocol that is based on conservation of its overall properties, including calcium binding. Although cluster charge reversals result in localized perturbations of the computed negative surface, single amino acid changes would not be expected to alter significantly the distribution of the negative surface because of the relatively high density of uncompensated negative charges in the region around residues 82–84 and 118–120. However, this does not preclude the possibility of single amino acid charge perturbations having a functional effect on the more intimate, catalytically active complex. The electrostatic surface of calmodulin described in this report may be a feature that would be altered only by cluster charge reversal mutations. Overall, the results suggest that the charge properties that are important for the efficient assembly of calmodulin–protein kinase signal transduction complexes in eukaryotic cells.