The implications of data base management systems to paleontology: a discussion of Jurassic ammonoid data

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Abstract
Data from current research dealing with Jurassic ammonoids and stratigraphy of western North America are being stored in a computer file called AMMON using a data base management system. Each ammonite is described by up to 94 descriptors divided into the following six categories: taxonomy, quantitative morphology, qualitative morphology, stratigraphy, locality-catalogue information and general remarks. Data entry is facilitated by the use of a template on a video display terminal, the use of code numbers instead of full names and the bulk entry of hierarchic data. The computer can be used to speed fossil identification and retrieve geologic data by matching lists of descriptor states for a given specimen against those stored in the data bank. By interfacing with statistical analytical systems a ‘profile’ of a given taxon can be generated showing ranges of morphologic variation for any stage of ontogeny. Multivariate techniques are readily employed and subtle patterns of covariation more easily assessed. The data base may also be questioned to instantly generate taxonomic lists by zone, geographic area, lithostratigraphic unit, etc. (or any combination thereof) so that its research potential is considerable. AMMON is a prototype meant to serve as a basis for discussion in developing a globally acceptable ammonoid data base. If code numbers for taxonomic, morphologic and stratigraphic data are standardized, information can be exchanged internationally using magnetic tapes and then decoded by the computer into any language. As data bases proliferate, they will inevitably make paleontological information more readily accessible to the specialist and non-specialist alike.