Autumn freeze testing of one‐year reciprocal families of Pinus sylvestris (L.)

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Abstract
Reciprocal families of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.), from a Swedish seed orchard were artificially freeze tested to ‐10°C at the end of the first growth period. The degree of freezing damage was used as an indication of the cold acclimatization achieved at the time of freeze testing. Both one‐year cold acclimatization and one‐year height were mainly additively inherited. Specific combining ability, reciprocal and maternal effects were small. On the family level, freezing damage was non‐significantly correlated with field survival and field height after ten years. One‐year height was positively correlated with 10‐year field height and negatively correlated with field survival on the family level. Within families, plants from early germinated seeds cold acclimated earlier and were higher at the end of the first growth period than plants from lately germinated seeds. The results indicate that conclusions made from first‐year cold acclimatization studies can be influenced by variation in the rate of seed germination and seedling/germinant development.