Sex Differences in Tactual-Kinaesthetic and Visual Perception of Vertically

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Abstract
Previous studies on visual and tactual-kinaesthetic perception with head tilted sidewise have shown that the greater deviations are to the left, i.e. the adjustments of a luminous line or a pivoting rod tend to fall counter-clockwise to the perpendicular. This paper shows significant sex difference in tactual-kinaesthetic perception only. Men and women show similar and small deviations to the right with head tilted to the left but, with head tilted to the right, women show clearly greater deviations to the left. The discussion of the visual perception of verticality (the so-called Aubert phenomenon) has been confusing. Our results in the visual experiments show small deviations, and they support Aubert's statement.