Early autonomic dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus assessed by spectral analysis of heart rate and blood pressure variability

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Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) often have alterations of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), even early in their disease course. Previous research has not evaluated whether these changes may have consequences on adaptation mechanisms in DM, e.g. to mental stress. We therefore evaluated whether patients with DM who already had early alterations of the ANS reacted with an abnormal regulatory pattern to mental stress. We used the spectral analysis technique, known to be valuable and reliable in the investigation of disturbances of the ANS. We investigated 34 patients with DM without clinical evidence of ANS dysfunction (e.g. orthostatic hypotension) and 44 normal control subjects (NC group). No patients on medication known to alter ANS responses were accepted. The investigation consisted of a resting state evaluation and a mental stress task (BonnDet). In basal values, only the 21 patients with type 2 DM were different in respect to body mass index and systolic blood pressure. In the study parameters we found significantly lower values in resting and mental stress spectral power of mid-frequency band (known to represent predominantly sympathetic influences) and of high-frequency and respiration bands (known to represent parasympathetic influences) in patients with DM (types 1 and 2) compared with NC group (5·3 ± 1·2 ms2 vs. 6·1 ± 1·3 ms2, and 5·5 ± 1·6 ms2 vs. 6·2 ± 1·5 ms2, and 4·6 ± 1·7 ms2 vs. 6·2 ± 1·5 ms2, for resting values respectively; 4·7 ± 1·4 ms2 vs. 5·9 ± 1·2 ms2, and 4·6 ± 1·9 ms2 vs. 5·6 ± 1·7 ms2, and 3·7 ± 2·1 ms2 vs. 5·6 ± 1·7 ms2, for stress values respectively; M/F ratio 6/26 vs. 30/14). These differences remained significant even when controlled for age, sex, and body weight. However, patients with DM type 2 (and significantly higher body weight) showed only significant values in mental stress modulus values. There were no specific group effects in the patients with DM in adaptation mechanisms to mental stress compared with the NC group. These findings demonstrate that power spectral examinations at rest are sufficiently reliable to diagnose early alterations in ANS in patients with DM. The spectral analysis technique is sensitive and reliable in investigation of ANS in patients with DM without clinically symptomatic autonomic dysfunction.