In vivo Regulation of Prolactin Gene Expression in the Male Rat: Role of Sex Steroids and Dopamine

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Abstract
The influence of sex steroids and the dopaminergic system on the in vivo modulation of prolactin (PRL) mRNA levels was investigated by quantitative in situ hybridization in the male rat anterior pituitary gland. In situ hybridization was performed using a [35S]‐labeled cDNA probe encoding PRL. Orchiectomy performed 14 days earlier did not modify PRL mRNA levels. In orchiectomized rats treatment with the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine for 14 days decreased PRL mRNA levels by 30%, while in intact animals the same treatment did not induce any changes in PRL mRNA levels. Administration of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol in both intact and orchiectomized rats induced a 4‐fold increase in mRNA levels. Administration of dihydrotestosterone to orchiectomized animals which had been treated or not with haloperidol or bromocriptine did not modify PRL mRNA levels. In orchiectomized animals administration of 17ß‐estradiol (0.25 μg twice daily) for 14 days caused a 4‐fold increase in amounts of PRL mRNA. Administration of bromocriptine to 17ß‐estradiol‐treated animals induced a 15% decrease of PRL mRNA levels compared to those obtained by 17ß‐estradiol administered alone. The concomitant administration of 17ß‐estradiol and haloperidol resulted in a 50% increase in PRL mRNA levels compared to those measured in animals treated with haloperidol alone. The present results clearly demonstrate that in vivo estrogen as well as dopamine‐mediated mechanisms play a regulatory role in PRL mRNA levels in the male rat.