The technical variables associated with the frequencies of QFQ, RFA and CBG heteromorphisms of human chromosomes

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Abstract
In the 1971 Paris Conference it was established that certain regions of human chromosomes show remarkable heteromorphisms. These are the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes, the secondary constriction regions of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 and the distal 2/3rd of the long arm of the Y and the centromere of chromosomes 3, 4 and 5. There are several technical variables which affect the frequency of these heteromorphisms. These include quality of culture, age of slide, photography (filter, etc.), method of printing and method of scoring (criteria). Several other variables in the production of QFQ [quinacrine-bands by fluorescence using quinacrine], RFA [reverse-bands by fluorescence using acridine orange] and CBG [constitutive heterochromatin-bands by barium hydroxide using Giemsa], heteromorphisms are discussed. To compare results from different laboratories these variables must be taken into consideration.