Study of protein topography with flash photolytically generated nonspecific surface-labeling reagents: surface labeling of ribonuclease A

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Abstract
A method for nonspecifically labeling essentially all exposed residues of a protein in described. A reactive aryl nitrene is generated from N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-Taurine), within 500 .mu.s by flash photolysis in the presence of protein. The reactive nitrene is inserted in about 2 ms into those C.sbd.H bonds of the protein that are exposed to the solvent. The method is applied to RNase A to demonstrate the different degree of labeling of the native and denatured protein. On the basis of amino acid analysis, it appears that residues of the native protein that are buried in the interior of the molecule (as judged from the X-ray structure) do not react with the nitrene. When these residues (even nonreactive ones such as valine and proline) are exposed by denaturation of the protein, they do react with the nitrene. Native RNase A retains 90% of its enzymatic activity when flashed in the absence of NAP-Taurine. This small loss in activity arises from the disruption of a limited portion of the native enzyme structure, as judged by circular dichroism, UV and Raman spectra. The site of this limited disruption may be a portion of the enzyme surface near the Cys-26-Cys-84 disulfide bond. The utility of this surface labeling technique for studying the pathways of protein folding or unfolding is discussed.