Abstract
Despite a decrease in the early years of the century, studies of variation have continued, especially in modern systematics, which bears to last century systematics about the same relation as the genetics of Morgan bears to the heredity of Galton. Variation studies are vital in fisheries research. Variation studies have led to the intrusion of experiment into systematics, to the organization of a new field of experimental systematics. A brief outline of outstanding variational studies are given for various groups, in most detail for fishes.