Ischemic stroke prevention

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Abstract
More than 700,000 strokes occur annually in the United States—one every 40 to 50 seconds. Although stroke is one of the nation’s most expensive diseases to treat, costing $41 billion per year, most strokes (perhaps as many as two thirds) are preventable. Twenty percent of the United States population will have 80% of all strokes; this estimate is based on five established, major risk factors for stroke: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, and heart disease. Therefore, stroke is not random but is generally predictable. It is an ideal target for effective prevention strategies that are simple and inexpensive. Ischemic stroke prevention has been shown to be effective in several scenarios: primary prevention, prevention after a transient ischemic attack (TIA), and secondary prevention. Dietary, lifestyle, and risk factor modification; use of aspirin, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and warfarin; and carotid endarterectomy all have a role in stroke prevention in selected persons. Emerging therapies include the use of vitamins, cerebral arterial angioplasty, and stenting. Annual risk assessment, screening, and intervention should be part of a concerted national effort to reduce the incidence of the third leading cause of death and the number one cause of adult disability in the United States.