Ultrastructural demonstration of the importance of crystal size of bioceramic powders implanted into human periodontal lesions

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Abstract
Stages in bone formation were studied ultrastructurally after the implantation of the following 3 bioceramic powders into human periodontal lesions: (1) ã‐tricalcium phosphate whitlockite (Synthograft®) consisting of particles with a mean length of 229± 87 μm in SEM and appearing in TEM as crystals with a mean diameter 488 ± 192 nm; (2) an hydroxyapatite (Bioapatite®) which consisted of particles with a mean length of 283 ± 87 μm in SEM and of crystals with a mean diameter of 146 ± 47 nm in TEM; and finally (3), a microsized hydroxyapatite consisting of elongated platelets with a mean length of 32 ± 4 μm in SEM, composed of small crystals with a mean diameter of 38 ± 16 nm in TEM. In a preliminary experiment in rats, it appeared that the microsized hydroxyapatite implanted into the alveolar region after first molar extraction exhibited biocompatibility. In 6‐ and 12‐month biopsies, it appeared that bone formation in association with the 3 bioceramics tested in human periodontal lesions occurred through similar mechanisms at the Ultrastructural level. After the appearance of peripheral fibroblast‐like or osteoblast‐like cells with an interposed layer reminiscent of an osteoid tissue, collagen fibrils were observed in the intercrystalline spaces. These spaces subsequently underwent mineralization, with deposition of bone apatite crystals followed by the peripheral deposition of a thin inner bone layer with a granular appearance and an outer normal bone layer of either woven bone, lamellar bone or bone with parallel calcified collagen fibrils. These bone nodules, however, formed around the bioceramic particles at highly variable time intervals. Bone formation was observed around Synthograft® and Bioapatite® implants only in 12‐month biopsies, and thicker layers of peripheral bone were observed with the latter hydroxyapatite implant. With microsized hydroxyapatite, a significant amount of peripheral bone formation had already occurred by 6 months, strongly suggesting an important effect of crystal size on bone formation.