Concentration of mutagens from urine by absorption with the nonpolar resin XAD-2: cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine.

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Abstract
A method is described for concentrating mutagens/carcinogens from human urine about 200-fold for subsequent assay in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. The method is also applicable for other aqueous liquids and for other in vitro tests for mutagens/carcinogens. Various mutagens/carcinogens added to human urine and the recoveries were measured after adsorption on XAD-2, XAD-4, and Tenax GC (diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide polymer). This method should be used in monitoring the urine of human populations and of experimental animals in toxicological studies. Cigarette smokers have mutagenic urine while nonsmokers do not.