Integrated Control of Waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with a Pathogen, Insects, and Herbicides

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Abstract
Although the problems with waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes[Mart.] Solms; # EICCR) have diminished in the United States over the last decade, the weed continues to be troublesome and requires constant management on a maintenance basis (29, 30). Chemical herbicides are currently the principal means of control when an immediate solution to a waterhyacinth problem is needed. Preventive maintenance programs also rely on chemicals to keep the weed populations at acceptable levels and to prevent weed migration into unwanted areas. However, when control is not urgently required or is economically unfeasible due to the location of the weed, a combination of biological control agents is used. The latter may have been the important factor that contributed to the lessening of the weed problem in this country over the past decade (43).