The Simulium metallicum species complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Latin America: a cytological study

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Abstract
Eleven members of the Simulium metallicum complex from Central America and South America are described using the polytene chromosome banding pattern of S. metallicum A as standard. The members are B from Mexico and Guatemala, C from Colombia, D and E from Venezuela, F from Panama, G from Costa Rica, H from Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama, I from Mexico and Guatemala, and J and K from Panama. A cytophylogeny separates the members into three lineages. H, I, J, and K form one lineage, separated from the standard by eight rearrangement steps. D and E form a second lineage on the basis of six fixed inversions in common. Three floating inversions characterize the common progenitor of C and G, which together form a third lineage. B is independently derived from the standard and separated from it by seven rearrangement steps. F is very close to A. Six cytotypes (A, B, H, I, J, and K) appear cytologically to be reproductively isolated and are considered sibling species. One cytotype, E, is a sibling species by virtue of cytological criteria, and possible ecological and physiological factors. The remaining four members (C, D, F, and G) are cytotypes requiring additional evidence to confirm sibling species status. Sibling A is provisionally considered to represent S. metallicum s.s.; sibling H may be S. horacioi Okazawa &Onishi. The status of members within the complex as vectors of Onchocerca volvulus is discussed.

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