Effect of hormones on the expression of proviral genes Mtv‐2 and Mtv‐3 in mouse mammary gland

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Abstract
We have investigated the expression of the Mtv‐2 and Mtv‐3 proviral genes in mouse mammary glands by examining the effect of hormones on levels of mammary tumor virus (MTV)3 proteins p27 (gag) and gp52 (env) in mouse mammary explants. We also investigated the effect of the hormones on DNA synthesis in the explants. The mammary glands were derived from inbred GR and 020 mice, and from the respective congenic mouse strains GR/Mtv‐2− and 020/Mtv‐2+. The addition of insulin to the culture medium caused increases in p27 and gp52 levels in GR and 020/Mtv‐2+ glands; a further increase in the viral proteins was obtained by also adding dexamethasone. Prolactin in combination with progesterone enhanced p27 and gp52 levels, but to a lesser extent than did dexamethasone. Dexamethasone caused a slight but significant increase in p27 protein in mammary explants from GR/Mtv‐2− mice. Our data indicate that the Mtv‐2 locus and the Mtv‐3 locus in mouse mammary gland are under separate glucocorticoid control, and that Mtv‐2 expression is also stimulated by the prolactin and progesterone combination. Whereas dexamethasone enhances MTV protein levels in mouse mammary explants, it inhibits DNA synthesis in the explants.