Blockade of osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption through occupancy of the integrin receptor: A potential approach to the therapy of osteoporosis

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Abstract
Bone resorption requires the tight attachment of the bone‐resorbing cells, the osteoclasts, to the bone mineralized matric. Integrins, a class of cell surface adhesion glycoproteins, play a key role in the attachment process. Most integrins bind to their ligands via the arginyl‐glycyl‐aspartyl (R‐G‐D) tripeptide present within the ligand sequence. The interaction between integrins and ligaands results in bidirectional transfer of signals across the plasma Membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylaation occurs within cells as a result of integrin binding to ligaands and probably plays a role in the formation of the osteoclast clear zone, a specialized region of the osteoclast membraane maintained by cytoskeletal structure and involved in bone resorption.Human osteoclasts express α2β3 and αvβ3 integrins on their surface. Such signaling may also lead to “inside‐out” effects, like increased expression of integrin receptors on the cell surface, or increased affinity of the integrin to its ligand. The αvβ3 integrin, a vitronectin receptor, plays an essential role in bone resorption. Antibodies to this integrin and short synthetic RGD‐containing peptides are able to block bone resorption in vitro. Echistatin, an RGD‐containing protein from a snake venom, binds to the αvβ3 integrin and blocks bone resssorption both in vitro and in vivo. Peptides containing the RGD motif are potential competitive “antagonists” a of the osteoclast integrins and may have utility in the blockage of bone resorption. Agonists may be identified by stimulation of intracellularsignaling. In theory, tissue spacificity can be achieved by (1) introducing specific amino acids in positions adjacent to the RGD sequence, (2) identifying non‐RGD integrin binding domains, or (3) modulating the affinity of integrins for their endogenous ligands.